Публикации

В статье рассматриваются события, предшествовавшие обретению Руандой независимости в 1962 г. Автор исследует причины, которые привели к «этнизации» социального по своей природе конфликта между тутси и хуту, и пытается выяснить, какую роль в обострении конфликта тутси и хуту сыграли борьба между элитами тутси и хуту и политика бельгийской колониальной администрации. Также делается попытка объяснить, почему колониальная администрация стала поддерживать в 1959–1962 гг. партии хуту.

This chapter reveals the essence and basic principles of the EAEU modern foreign economic strategy to effectively respond to external challenges and strengthen its positioning in Eurasia. The authors conclude that to enhance its competitiveness, the EAEU needs a transition and activation of new formats of bilateral and multilateral interaction, including FTA plus agreements, dialogue partnerships, and the integration of integrations format, which is now in its infancy. Such diversification is necessary for the more effective building of relations with third countries, regional trade blocs, and intergovernmental organizations and is still inadequately limited in the EAEU practice

As the EU’s relations with Russia remain at an all-time low and continue to be in a state of paralysis, marked by de-institutionalisation, inertia and estrangement, the EU’s policy towards Russia seems up for review. By taking stock of the implementation of the EU’s Global Strategy and the five principles that are guiding EU-Russia relations, this volume provides a forward-looking angle and contributes to a better understanding of the current EU-Russia relationship and the prospects for overcoming the existing deadlock. By bringing together European and Russian scholars and adopting an interdisciplinary perspective that combines insights from EU studies, international relations, and European and international law, the book provides a comprehensive and holistic view on the state of affairs in EU-Russia relations.

Four interpretations of the EU’s energy transition can be identified in Russia’s political discourse in 2014–2019 based on the matrix that combines realist and liberal approaches to energy relations and the denial or recognition of climate change. The cross-cutting idea of these interpretations is that Russia follows the market logics, whereas the EU either politicises energy relations or chooses economically unreasonable options. Most Russian actors advance all four interpretations in parallel. A liberal interpretation, which recognises climate change, became dominant towards the end of the examined period. Two main policy options are shaped by Russia’s political discourse on the EU’s energy transition: maintaining the status quo in EU-Russian gas trade and diversifying Russia’s export markets. Russia’s political discourse reveals a strong ideational difference with the EU on future energy policies, and Russia poorly engages with the EU’s post-2030 planning. It is recommended that the EU improve its energy transition communication with Russia, and Russia is advised to enlarge the range of its policy options by better engaging with the EU’s long-term energy planning. Russia and the EU also must examine energy transition in the broader context of their relations. Practical project-based cooperation can contribute to ideational convergence between the EU and Russia on future energy policies.